Cheer Debate Is Cheerleading a Sport - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 367 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/08/05 Category Sports Essay Level High school Tags: Cheerleading Essay Did you like this example? Cheerleading has been in schools for decades, so why would it not be counted as a sport?Have you ever heard of the Great White Sharks? They are 4 time world champions. Some people may think that cheer is a sport, but others might think that cheer is just for the girls to show off to the guys. It is a sport, because they compete among other teams all over the states. They work just as hard as a basketball team or baseball team. Just like any other sport, they practice over and over. Just like basketball players practice plays , cheerleaders practice a routine for hours at a time. Some teams practice every day a week all day long, thats twelve hours of practice. Im sure that some basketball or baseball teams practice for 12 hours a day too. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Cheer Debate: Is Cheerleading a Sport?" essay for you Create order Most teams tryout at the beginning of a new year to recruit any new amazing flyers or bases for cheer stunts. Just like football, they tryout for the quarterback position or a running back. People all over the world compete and work as a team to win. Together as a team they eat, sleep, and live under the same roof. Cheerleading requires a uniform to compete in and go to special occasions. They perform in parades and special events hosted by the president or for the queen. Just like all other teams, they create and order uniforms. Some people say that not all teams compete. Yes, that is true but a lot of people say cheerleading is to keep the teams true to themselves and not lose faith if the they miss a shot. Some others also say that they are only to cheer on the team and get the crowd excited, but thats not true they are just there for the team or the crowd theyre there for themselves. Some may say that cheerleaders are there to cheer for the team in whatever sport they do, but thats not all they do. They practice every day just like every other team does. So just think about it. Do you think cheerleading is a sport? So consider my thoughts ,about why cheer is a sport and why it should be.

The Theology And Practice Of Pastoral Care Essay - 1198 Words

The Protestant Reformation indicated that a human can â€Å"connect to God and can do so without the aid of a priest.† The ecclesiology behind this is basically what aids me in my ministry. Peterson, in his book Essential Church, explains â€Å"the primary affirmation is not that each person is his or her own priest but that each Christian can be a priest, advocate, intercessor, and evangelist to others.† William Willimon, Pastor: the Theology and Practice of Ordained Ministry, highlights a variety of ways in which a pastor functions. In this paper, I am going to explain the ways in which my current ministry setting connects with the concept of priest as pastor in relation to worship and the connect and context of pastoral care while teaching others that they are able to accomplish the same task. Willimon explains that â€Å"all of the pastor’s sheepherding takes its purpose and content from the pastor’s leadership of worship.† Willimon indic ates several points in which I agree with and a few that I struggle with. As a pastor, we assume a responsibility for the people who attend the church. With that responsibility, we also are responsible â€Å"to God for the flock.† That responsibility is not to be taken lightly. It is through the worship that pastors have an incredible opportunity to tough the life of many souls. Although it is viewed by many as the pastor touching the souls; it is truly God touching the souls and utilizing the pastor as the vehicle. If the question is â€Å"whoShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Dangerous Calling1042 Words   |  5 Pagesby Paul David Tripp digs deep into the heart of pastoral ministry. Tripp unfolds the pastoral ministry of today to encourage and warn young and old pastors through stories, the Gospel and God’s Word. 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Therefore, Andersons goal in the book isRead MoreThe Three Models Of The Christian Church1381 Words   |  6 Pagescontract society.† First of all any model of ministry should be designed to mirror the image of Christ. According to Wesley Carr a model of ministry is a way of interpreting life and its’ experiences as moments of the divine. Through pastoral practice we strive to help fellow human beings develop and become Christ like believers. Our main goal should be to respond biblically, always putting God first, and following Christ’s example in our behavior. 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Food College Free Essays

Change what people eat and you change their lives. Food is all about the stories that define our lives. When it comes to the rhythms and symbols of faith, it’s easy to see the role that food plays. We will write a custom essay sample on Food College or any similar topic only for you Order Now Food also reflects what people believe about family and community life. Understanding the role of food in cultural and religious practice is an important part of showing respect and responding to the needs of people from a range of religious communities. However, it is important to avoid assumptions about a person’s culture and beliefs. In my West Indian culture food plays a major role. A huge part of Western India is cosmopolitan in its food habits, but there is still plenty of traditional fare to be had. The cuisine of the Caribbean is like a cultural patchwork quilt. Food in the Caribbean reflects both the best and worst of the Caribbean’s history. On the positive side, Caribbean culture has been compared with a popular stew there called Callao. The stew analogy comes from the many different ethic groups peacefully maintaining their traditions and customs while blending together, creating a distinct new flavor. On the negative side, many foods and cooking techniques derive from a history of violent European conquest, the importation of slaves from Africa, and the indentured servitude of immigrants in the plantation system. Within this context, students and other readers will understand the diverse island societies and ethnicity through their food cultures. Island food culture is an essential component in understanding the Caribbean past and present. How to cite Food College, Essays

Positive Psychology During the World War II

Questions: 1. Give a literature review on what is the importance of this characteristic for Positive Psychology?2. Introduce a self-developed training programme aiming to increase the target construct: Rational for the component Target sample Steps Expected impact Measurement of the impact Potential side effects. Answers: 1. Literature Review During the World War II the impact of psychology developed into a science which was dedicated to healing. It focused on repairing the injured by way of disease model of the functioning of human (Leontiev, 2013) This paid less attention to the flourishing community and accomplished individual. It also overlooked the probability of constructing strength which is the most powerful weapon in the armory of the therapy. Positive psychology seeks to bring about a transform in psychology from a concern to mend the worst issues in life along with the development of the qualities which are best for the life. The positive psychology area is about well-being, satisfaction, joy, flow, happiness, sensual pleasure which are subjective positive experiences and the practical cognitions of the future which are hope, optimism and faith (Nichols Molix, 2013) The capability of vocation and love, interpersonal skill, courage, perseverance, originality, forgiveness, future mindlessness, wisdom and high ta lent are a part of the individual level psychology. While in the group level it is the institutions and civic virtues which take an individual to a superior citizenship like nurturance, responsibility, civility, altruism, tolerance, moderation and ethics of work (Schueller, 2010) There are two elementary focus of psychology which is making the peoples life better and the other is to nurture genius, which was forgotten. It is not the research that modified with the funding rather the prevalence of theories which underlined the way we viewed ourselves. Psychology saw itself as a field in the health professions which were termed as victimology. Human beings are seen as the passive focal point- the occurrences of stimuli and extracting of the responses. The support from external strengthened or weakened the responses or drives instincts or tissue needs. The childhood conflicts pushed the individual around (Wilkinson Chilton, 2013). Then after the experimental focus of psychology shifte d to cure and assessing the sufferings of an individual. There also been researches on the psychological disorders and the negative impacts of stressors such as death, parental divorce and sexual and physical abuses. Most practitioners treated the mental illness in the framework of a disease patient to repair damage such damaged childhood, damaged drives, damaged habits and damaged brains. The message of positive psychology progress is to ring a bell that the field has been distorted. It is not only a study of weaknesses, damages and disease but is also a study of the virtue and strength. The treatment of the same not only means fixation of the wrong but it also means that the constructing which is right. Psychology not just signify health or illness, it also represents the education, work, growth, insight, love and play, and in this pursuit, psychology do not depend on the wishful philosophy, hand waving or self-deception, rather it struggles to settle in what is best for the uniqu e problems which the humans portray in its complexities (Wilkinson Chilton, 2013 Positive Psychology: emotions and human strengths In the emerging field of psychology the positive emotions, strengths and positive situations are the new outlook within this field. This wide and build up theory tells that the individuals experiences of the emotions which are positive widens the temporary thought process of the people which thereby provides in constructing their tolerance of the personal resources which ranges from intellectual to physical resources to psychological and social resources. It is seen that the capacity to understand the positive emotions may be the essential strength of humans to flourish. The healing and the repair approach in psychology has been principal issue which is to be valued. It is much easier to familiarize yourself with the direction of change if the objective of such a change is to reinstate to the normal state. It is likely that the evolution of human and the ontogenesis has developed the patterns of strength of action, perception and reaction on an unintended level (Nichols Molix, 2013) . Meditation and intervention on mindfulness The enduring meditation on mindfulness upholds the supervisory functioning and the capability of maintaining attention. The field of effective mindfulness has not been critically explored but the training on meditation affects the mood and cognition when it is compared to an vigorous control group. It is seen that when the participants are being trained for the sessions of either listening to a pre-recorded book or meditation, they have been found with no experience in meditation and were assessed with appraise of verbal fluency, good mood, working memory and visual coding. These interventions are effective to advance the mood. A participant who experiences meditation training on extensive basis is found to show development in the cognitive performance. Interventions which are based on the mindfulness training have now become popular on an increased basis. It engages in fetching the attention of an individual to the external and internal experiences which occurs in the current moment and is trained by way of varied exercises on meditation (Moore, Gruber, Derose Malinowski, 2012) Reconsidering the theory of hope We all know that the hope of an individual is distinguished by the achievement of a desired goal. It is seen that hope encompasses two judgments which occur concurrently 1) the evaluation that one is capable of extracting pathways thinking.2) the evaluation that one is able of executing the achieved goals as desired (agency thinking). The accumulation of pathways thinking and agency thinking gives rise to the experience of hope and with this link it is seen that the people who have hopes have the believe to achieve their goals. It is the identified capability to fetch the pathways of the goals that are desired and thereby motivating oneself through agency thinking to utilize the pathways (Ramsburg Youmans, 2013). Process of resilience in development The practitioners in the resilience research have led to a revolution of pondering over the treatment and origins of the psychopathology. It has become a common term in the medical and behavioral sciences, where it is explained in varied ways how to recover from stress, or to familiarize yourself with the circumstances which are stressful. The focus of the clinical research on the children at risk for the psychopathology which has been either to scrutinize the outcome of the adversity or the unfurling of the process of risk which accounts to the etiology of the disorders. The facts are important enough to improve the best developmental results of the children (Bonanno Diminich, 2012). The resilience study has progressed in four key waves of research which has shaped up as a framework for practice. These waves of work has capitulated nice explanations of the phenomenon with the simple concepts and tactics which concentrates on an individual. It has got more self-motivated resilience accounting, accepting a system of developmental approach and investigation on the positive version of risk adversity, and concentrated on the individuals transactions. The third wave has created resilience by way of intervention which is directed at the altering the pathways of development. The final wave which is rising currently concentrates on the integration and understanding of resilience across various ranks of analysis with the intention of growth of neurobiological and epigenetic processes, the development of brain and the means of interaction of outlining the development (Bonanno Diminich, 2012) Flow theory The full absorption of experience in the current moment and the experiential approach to the positive psychology represents the flow. From the viewpoint of flow a good life is exemplified with the absolute absorption of the current moment of what an individual does. There is an experimental relevance between the optimal performances and flow. To comprehend the aspects which are bracketed together with flow helps to make most advantageous mental state available to the researchers. The usage of psychological skills and self-concept are envisaged to relate with the self reported states of flow. Affirmative relationships are originated between the aspects of self concept and flow, and the relationship between the psychological skills and flow. The stipulations to come into flow covers the 1) perceived opportunities and challenges for action, that elongate but dont overmatch the skills which are existing; 2) unambiguous proximal objectives and quick feedback on the made progress. With the se stipulations the experience unfurls from one moment to another and an individual enters into a subjecti9ve state with extreme and alert absorption on the current moments, aligning of the awareness and the actions, deficiency of the awareness of an individual as a social person (Dieser, Christenson Davis-Gage, 2014). Substantiating the happiness Positive psychology concentrates on the mental health besides focusing on the mental illness. It can be seen that by way of this we can develop the extraordinary levels of happiness the nurture of the existing strengths such as kindness, optimism, originality, humor and generosity. These are signature traits and by implementing them wisely and often there is a transformation in the lives of an individual to a higher constructive plane. Positive psychology focuses on the outer self of an individual and promotes humankind to ensure the utilization of the traits of the human beings so that they can validate happiness (Leontiev, 2013). 2. Introduction of self-development training program To bring about a self-development in an individual a training program is necessary but before that we will analyze what we can do to development ones self. The three foremost things that an individual should do is to 1) accept the situation which you cannot change, 2) avoid the things that will not help to achieve the desired goals and 3) be aware in the current moment. A programme should be developed to improve the deficits of self-awareness and psychosocial implementation. This is to be done for the best utilization of the emotions of an individual positively. The training program should develop the urge of an individual to face the circumstances in life currently and integrate the situations into positive views. The participants of the training program should be interested in taking new experiences and information and create an inclination to explore and also to develop themselves. They should have the joy to move forward off their limits and be innovative. They should blend the p ositive emotions with their loved ones. The process of self well being is associated with the employment, recreation, health (pain tolerance and subjective distress), and happy marriages. Mental health does not mean absence of illness mentally but it basically means the presence of higher levels of well-being (Banks, Welhaf Srour, 2015) Rationale of the component A training exercise is to be taken to understand the mindfulness of people of certain age and profession. This training required participants from a certain background who lack the factors of positive emotions and are bogged down by the factors like anger, confusion, depression, unhappiness, etc. A sample size of 50 is to be taken where the participants are from different college and are aged between 24-25 years. They will be assigned to two different groups of meditational training, in which the first is simple meditation and the second is control group of book listening. There are certain steps that are taken up in two different training exercises. Both the training groups will be monitored by two facilitators who are experienced in this field for more than 10 years so as to assess the progression of the session. They will monitor each participant and assess their outcome to come down to a detailed result of each of the meditation training. The outcomes of both the exercise will be different because the participants are given two very different training models. But there will be significant change in the emotions and moods of the participants because they will experience reduced levels of fatigue, anger, confusion, stress, etc. It will be seen that the first group will be identifying with the positive psychology compared to the second group because meditation is far more effective than the control group (Moore, Gruber, Derose Malinowski, 2012). Target Sample The Target Sample Is This Training Is Taken On The Basis People Who Are Interested In Taking Part In Meditation Training And Have No Prior Experience In The Field Of Mindfulness Meditation. The Participants Of The Training Volunteered Themselves For The Training. The Consent Was Taken From The Participants That The Training Session Will Be Either A Group Of Book Listening Or Will Be Assigned To Meditation. Sample Size Being 50, From Which 25 Of The Participants Were Allocated To The Control Group And The Other 25 Participants Were Assigned To The Group For Meditation. The Age Varied From 24-25 Years Of Age Of The Participants Who Were College Attending Students. (Ramsburg Youmans, 2013) Steps The training of mindfulness is a model based on the basic skills of meditation. The first groups of participants will be allocated to meditation where they will be trained under a facilitator with more than 10 years of experience in this field. Step1: A small group of four to five participants will be directed to close their eyes and relax and focus on the course of breathe. Step2: If any thought comes up they will have to acknowledge it and merely let it go and bounce back to their meditation. Step 3: Subsequent sessions of this training will be taken, in which the participants will develop some outcomes as each session will progress (Tan, Lo Macrae, 2014) In other session, the participants of the control group will be told to segregate themselves small groups of 5-6 participants where they will be told to listen to a movie in a compact disc. Step 1: The beginning of the movie will be done in the first session, with the progression of the movie in each session. Step 2: The participants will be instructed to switch off their cell phones any other electronic gadgets they have. Step 3: A facilitator will be allocated to the groups to monitor each and every participants to assess their attentiveness while the task is on (Zeidan, Johnson, Diamond, David Goolkasian, 2010) Expected Impact The expected results may vary from each session and also from participants to participants. There may be decrease in the negative moods in the session. Both the groups participants will be seen to improve themselves from the first sessions to the last sessions. (Leontiev, 2013) mentions that the fatigues will be found to be less and also factors like depression, anger, tension ratings, confusion is anticipated to be found less. The meditation session will be more effective than the control group session. There will be reduction in the level of anxiety across the groups. Measurement of the impact After the training program is taken by the participants the impacts of the session can be measured. It will be seen that the fatigues rates, depression rates, anger and other emotional rates will be reduced in a much more level for the first group in the first session, compared to the second group taking the first session. The control groups status of mindfulness training will be less as compared to the group for meditation. The performance level will be increased in the second session of the first group. There will be a significant improvement of the verbal fluency in the meditation group but will show no measured impact for the control group. Performance for both the group will increase significantly for both the both groups. Marginal caution should be implemented in the session to signify the effect of the session (Dieser, Christenson Davis-Gage, 2014) Potential Side Effects With inexperienced participants in the training program the techniques of mindfulness by way of a short format of training are found to be consistent, with the participants who have proficient in meditating. The rigorous training for mindfulness has scored in compared to the dynamic control group. There was no negative side effects which can be seen after the training takes place but the protocol of the training geared promising effects on the multiple participants who required sustained level of attention and supervisory effectiveness and efficiency. It is to be noted that the group differed from in the outcomes as the process of training of the participants were taken place in two different processes (Nichols Molix, 2013). References Banks, J., Welhaf, M., Srour, A. (2015). The protective effects of brief mindfulness meditation training. Consciousness And Cognition, 33, 277-285. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2015.01.016 Bonanno, G., Diminich, E. (2012). Annual Research Review: Positive adjustment to adversity - trajectories of minimal-impact resilience and emergent resilience. Journal Of Child Psychology And Psychiatry, 54(4), 378-401. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12021 Dieser, R., Christenson, J., Davis-Gage, D. (2014). Integrating flow theory and the serious leisure perspective into mental health counseling. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 28(1), 97-111. doi:10.1080/09515070.2014.944883 Leontiev, D. (2013). Positive psychology in search for meaning: An introduction. The Journal Of Positive Psychology, 8(6), 457-458. doi:10.1080/17439760.2013.830766 Moore, A., Gruber, T., Derose, J., Malinowski, P. (2012). Regular, brief mindfulness meditation practice improves electrophysiological markers of attentional control. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 6. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00018 Nichols, C., Molix, L. (2013). Positive psychology as social change. The Journal Of Positive Psychology, 8(2), 165-167. doi:10.1080/17439760.2012.747218 Ramsburg, J., Youmans, R. (2013). Meditation in the Higher-Education Classroom: Meditation Training Improves Student Knowledge Retention during Lectures. Mindfulness, 5(4), 431-441. doi:10.1007/s12671-013-0199-5 Schueller, S. (2010). Preferences for positive psychology exercises. The Journal Of Positive Psychology, 5(3), 192-203. doi:10.1080/17439761003790948 Tan, L., Lo, B., Macrae, C. (2014). Brief Mindfulness Meditation Improves Mental State Attribution and Empathizing. Plos ONE, 9(10), e110510. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0110510 Wilkinson, R., Chilton, G. (2013). Positive Art Therapy: Linking Positive Psychology to Art Therapy Theory, Practice, and Research. Art Therapy, 30(1), 4-11. doi:10.1080/07421656.2013.757513 Zeidan, F., Johnson, S., Diamond, B., David, Z., Goolkasian, P. (2010). Mindfulness meditation improves cognition: Evidence of brief mental training. Consciousness And Cognition, 19(2), 597-605. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2010.03.014

College Technology Admission essay

Since childhood, I have been interested in the exquisite design rides for the Walt Disney Company. My interest in advancing my fascination for design rides into a career stems from my grandmother’s influence who introduced me into the Disney world at the age of two. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on College Technology Admission essay specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More I grew up in New York and moved to the state of Florida in 2006. Before my grandmother passed on in 2004, she took me to Disney world every year during my vacations and the great experience I earned has always stirred my interest to want to associate with them. My favourite subjects are mathematics and science. I believe through the study of design rides, I will satisfy my curiosity to join Walt Disney Company. Through the study of design rides, I will have the opportunity to serve my country. I will blend my good analytical skill with the knowl edge acquired in school to design and build unique Disney theme parks and other venues of entertainment at various levels of development. My interest in computer and video games improves my imagination, giving me a wild array of the imaginary world. In the summer of 2011, I attended a technology seminar at Stanford University with People to People Organization. The opportunity to participate in this seminar gave me an avenue to learn technology and other related issues in the Apple Company. My interest in technology comes from the desire to social advancement. The world is going hi-tech and sooner or later, technology is bound to rule the society (Myers 19). My interest in technology from childhood makes it easier for me to adapt to changes, analyse events and map the associated ideas in an extraordinary way. When my parents noticed that I had undying interest in technology, they started introducing me to programs related to technology early in life. My excellent performance in the fields of mathematics and science has convinced them that my dreams are achievable. My father has supported me through encouraging me to attend seminars and computer classes to get accustomed with the practice of technology in various companies. I believe that my endeavour to pursue issues related to technology has enhanced my writing, reading and mathematics skills and this is evident through my exemplary performance. Currently, I’m in a computer academy taking Microsoft classes to gain knowledge and obtain Microsoft certifications. The fast development of technology has pushed humanity to a new era whereby people are expected to perform less physical work and improve on their mental work to attain the required results (Myers 34). Advertising Looking for essay on computer science? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Technology improves communication and enables people to expand on their intellectual potential. Through th e training on technology, sharing experiences with people from the corporate world and observation in various firms, I have understood the advantages and limitations of technology, I have learned how to use computers and its associated software and I have grown to appreciate the effect of technology in the society. The rate of assimilation of technology has been stalled by the complexity of its use. However, the striking designs of the Disney world are enough to make me go out of my way to acquire what it takes to fit into their team. This is because I also want to give someone else the good experience I got from spending my vacations at the Disney world. I hope to continue developing my technology knowledge and skills in your institution. Work Cited Myers,Sarah. The College Application Essay: The College Board. New York: Prentice Hall, 2012. This essay on College Technology Admission essay was written and submitted by user Braylin Jefferson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Hobbes vs. Locke essays

Hobbes vs. Locke essays Who do you agree with, Locke or Hobbes, and why? I believe that Hobbes is genuinely correct in stating that man is greedy and ambitious in nature. Most things revolve around money and power, therefore profit motif serves as the force that drives us. We constantly try excel in everything and thus compete with ourselves and with our neighbors. I do believe that everything we do is driven by one of two ways Hobbes mentions: self interest. Realistically, even the most charitable gesture is ultimately self-serving. Still when we do noble deeds, we feel good about ourselves; about something meant for another but born in me and that leads to pride and high self esteem. It is no sin to feel good about something, but it is no lie that even when a noble cause is completed, we are filled with a different sensation we lacked beforehand. Notwithstanding, I agree with Lockes ideas on how a man is corrupted with the creation of properties and the acquired value of natural resources. I am not completely certain that men rob others from their natural born right to own what Nature has offered, but in accordance to Locke, I disagree with men hoarding more than they can make use for. Ultimately, men need Nature or each other, therefore I concur with Locke when he sets an example placing a man, with abundant resources he has labored and are thus his, in the middle of nowhere who will eventually give in to Nature or another human because he has no use for his excise. ...

Summery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summery - Essay Example (Richardson) Most of the people believe that teachers are reluctant in implementing changes in their teaching strategies because they feel threatened, defensive, and perhaps rushed when somebody demands change in their methods. In fact teachers undertake change voluntarily, following their sense of what their students need and what is working. Voluntary change is what teachers actually do in their classrooms; it does not necessarily lead to exemplary teaching (Richardson) The induction teacher’s and experienced teacher’s approach to the change management may be different. The induction teachers experienced more change in their beliefs than their practices, whereas experienced teachers demonstrated more change in their practices than their beliefs. (Luft,p. 531) The experienced teachers always have a strong belief in the traditional methods of teaching; but they were forced to change their practices because of the external pressure from the authorities. On the other hand, the induction teachers may not have much practical experiences and their beliefs also may not be adequate. So they will be more flexible as far as change in beliefs is concerned. â€Å"If all teachers make decisions autonomously, the schooling of an individual student could be quite incoherent and ineffective. This, too, suggests that help, direction, or encouragement provided to staff rather than to individuals could be necessary to promote change that is valuable to the learner† (Richardson) Beliefs are critical when it comes to understanding a teacher’s practice. For example, two mathematics teachers with similar knowledge may taught in different ways. Understanding of beliefs was more useful in predicting teachers’ classroom decisions (Luft & Roehrig p.40) Institutions cannot behave like a market place where all the deals were based on competitions and bargaining. It should be functioned in a

Biology Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Biology Research - Essay Example Basal like tumors are most commonly found in Nigeria and Senegal. Research is on to find drugs to block the specific molecules that these tumors need to grow. Women with mutations in a gene called Brca1 tend to develop this kind of aggressive breast tumor. Patterns of genetic activity of these tumors are measured through special tests because what the biological tests reveal turn out to be quite different from what the human eyes perceive. Researchers used new techniques of molecular biology to determine the patterns of gene activity in the cancer cells and then to classify and sort the subtypes by race. Further research is on to find an alternative to chemotherapy. Women of race are advised to get counseling in preventive care well before 40 especially if it runs in their family. As the incidence of breast cancer and mortality due to breast cancer keeps increasing in the USA, researchers and oncologists have been intrigued trying to find the root cause of breast cancer. While various physiological reasons have been associated, recent findings suggest that environmental factors react with genetic and individual predisposing factors and cause malignant tumors to develop in breast tissue. A paper Breast cancer and environmental risks: where is the link? by Mitra et al., (2004) was published in Journal of Environmental Health. To asses the environmental agents, the authors have reviewed previous studies focusing on xenoestrogens, organochlorines, polychlorinated biphenyls, and other environmental agents. Results revealed that exogenous estrogens present in the environment increase the growth of breast cancer cells while hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and oral contraceptives also play a significant role in the development of breast cancer during adolescence. X enoestrogens may increase the risk of cancer among those who are

Adolescent Suicide Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Adolescent Suicide - Research Paper Example Even silly problems will be perceived as complicated ones and they may take decision to commit suicide to escape from such problems. In many cases, substance abuse, momentary lapse of emotional control, lack of counseling, negligence from parents and beloved ones, stressful events are motivating teenagers to commit suicide. Teenagers with family history of suicide show more tendencies to commit suicide. Nursing professionals can help teenage community immensely in preventing suicide. They can help teenagers to solve their physical as well as mental problems with the help of proper medications and counseling. This paper analyses the reasons of teenage suicide and the nursing implications with respect to this social problem. Adolescent Suicide Suicide is the third leading cause of death in 15 to 24 year olds, and the third leading cause of death in 10 to 14 year olds. According to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH): There are 25 attempted suicides to one completed suicide - with the ratio even higher in youth and the strongest risk factors for attempted suicide in youth are depression, substance abuse, and aggressive or disruptive behaviors (Teen Suicide, n.d). It is impossible to know the teenager who committed suicide first in this world. It is also impossible to predict who could be the last teenager to commit suicide. ... Although child death rates are decreasing steadily during the last few decades, youth suicide rate travels in the opposite direction in United Sates. Reasons for adolescent suicide and nursing implications According to Shilubane et al. (2012), â€Å"Lack of knowledge of available counselors, conflicts in interpersonal relationships, perceived accusations of negative behavior, inadequate social support, past family and peer suicide attempts and poor living circumstances were factors found to be related with suicide attempts† (Shilubane et al. 2012, p.177). As mentioned earlier, many teenagers are committing suicide because of a momentary lapse in emotional control. For example, love affairs or dating relationships are common among current teenagers all over the world and the case of America is also not an exception. Teenagers who have feeble mental power or self-confidence may think about committing suicide when their love affairs break. They may not bother too much to think ab out substituting the lost relationships with another one at that moment. For them breaking of their dating relationships is the end of the road. Nursing professionals can help teenagers to overcome the emotional catharsis at various moments in their life. Many studies have proved beyond doubt that lack of availability and access to counseling is the major reason for increased suicide rates among teenagers. Counseling should be done at individual levels and family levels to educate the public about how to overcome stressful events and avoid suicides. Family nurse practitioner (FNP) is a respected profession in America now and these professionals can help the community in general and teenage community in particular in overcoming the tendencies of suicide. Poor living condition is

Enzyme Kinetics Laboratory Report

Enzyme Kinetics Laboratory Report How the changes in substrate concentration (PNPP), changes in temperature, changes in pH and the presence of an inhibitor (phosphate ions) effects the rate of reaction of the reaction between PNPP and water catalysed by the enzyme acid phosphates which produces PNP and phosphate as its products . Using spectrophotometer to measure the absorbance of the products formed through hydrolysis of substrate. Abstract: The purpose of this scientific paper was to replicate earlier findings of experiments in enzyme kinetics and to see if enzyme behaviour and activity is influenced by 4 factors- change in substrate concentration, temperature, pH and the presence of a competitive inhibitor. In the first section where the substrate concentration was altered whilst the enzyme concentration was kept constant the relationship was found to be hyperbolic this can be explained using the Michaelis -Menten equation and the Lineweaver burk plot which was also used to obtain Km values of 0.25 and Vmax values of 0.12UNIT. The increase in [S] increased the rate of reaction at first but when [S] too much the initial velocity started to decrease. The increase in temperature led to a general increase in the initial velocity until the temperature reached 347 K where the enzyme denatured. The optimum temperature of the reaction was in the range 310 K- 323.2 where the rate increased at its fastest. The third section was the effect of pH on the enzyme activity. The optimum pH of the reaction was 5.5. This pH gave the highest reading of absorbance which means that the rate of hydrolysis was at its highest. Finally the last section of the experiment was the effect of competitive inhibitor on the rate of reaction. The investigation showed that the inhibitor used (phosphate ions) was a non-competitive inhibitor. The inhibitor did lower the initial velocity of the reaction when it attached to the enzyme at random. Introduction: This laboratory report is on the topic of enzyme kinetics, previous work in this particular field was carried out in the 1700s, when biological catalyst enzymes were discovered and studied. As understanding of enzymes increased scientist carried out basic laboratory experiments such as the conversion of starch to sugar by saliva to increase their understating of enzymes and how they function. However the first actual incident where enzymes were understood in detail was in 1897-by Edward Buchner .Since then on, till this period of time factors which effect the velocity/ rate of reaction and enzymes have been studied widely by many scientists globally. The modern scientists have a deep understanding of enzyme kinetics. The purpose of this laboratory report is to confirm previous findings covered in various sources of scientific literature and journals. Enzymes are often described as organic catalysts which increase the rate of reaction of a bio-chemical reaction ( David L.Nelson etal 2008). Enzymes increase the rate velocity of various reactions that occur in a biological system such as the mammalian digestive system. Enzymes can have functions including transfer, synthesis or breakdown of molecules. It is important to mention that enzymes are proteins which speed up the rate of reaction without being used up themselves i.e. they are reusable. Enzymes have a very specific active site which is complementary to a specific substrate 3 dimensional structure. The specificity is due to the complementary hydrophilic/hydrophobic charge, electrical charge and shape of active site on the enzyme. The binding of an enzyme with an specific substrate produces an enzyme substrate complex (ES).The rate at which the enzyme substrate complex is formed is dramatically increased or decreased in changes in substrate concentration, temperature, pH and presence of an competitive inhibitor the effect of these 4 factors on the enzyme activity is known as enzyme kinetics (Jeremy M. Berg etal 2006).Enzymes work on the concept of transition states. Transition state of enzymes is the phase where the substrate is not a yet a product and not a substrate. Enzymes reduce this phase .The difference between the free energy of the reactants and the free energy of the transition state is the activation energy (Ea).The minimum energy required for a success full reaction to occur. Enzymes speed up the rate of reaction by lowering the activation energy barrier. A typical enzyme substrate reaction can be simplified and be written as: The enzyme studied in this investigation was acid phosphatase. This enzyme can be identified by its Enzyme Commission Number (EC number) which is 3.1.3.2. Now I will briefly discuss the enzyme kinetic properties of acid phosphatase. The enzyme acid phosphatase catalyses the removal of phosphate group from organic molecules. Its primary mechanism of action is to bring a substrate molecule into contact with a molecule of water .This results in catalysis and the removal of phosphate group. Finally an hydroxyl group is attached to the substrate molecule. An example of this is the reaction shown below. This reaction was studied in this laboratory investigation. Acid phosphatase p-nitrophenylphosphate (PNPP) + water phosphate + p-nitrophenol(PNP) In the reaction above PNPP is the synthetic substrate, which is described as chromogenic.At. At high purity this compound is completely colourless. PNPP is hydrolysed by the enzyme acid phosphatase this produces phosphate and PNP. The product produced is yellow and can be measured using a colorimeter. The first part of the investigation concerns the effect of substrate concentration on the rate of reaction. I predict and expect that at an increase in substrate concentration (PNPP) will lead to an increased rate if reaction/initial rate. The reason for this is that an increase in substrate concentration increases the chances of a successful collision occurring between the enzyme and substrate increasing the likelihood of ES complex and product (PNP) formation results in an overall increase rate of reaction. This will produce a fist order reaction on a graph. However it is important to mention that at high substrate concentration the enzyme will be fully saturated this will reduce the rate of reaction as the there are too many substrate than enzymes. On a graph this would show a plateau. The maximum velocity of the reaction or the Vmax would be expected to be close to this region. Therefore I predict to see a hyperbolic relationship on a graph. Section B of this investigation concerns the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction. I would exepcet to find that an increase in temperature would result in an increase in the rate of reaction. The reason for this phenomenon is that as there is increase in kinetic energy being applied to enzymes and substrates it increases the chances of collision occurring so more product (PNP) is formed per unit time. However I also believe that temperatures above 50 -70 degrees Celsius would denature the enzymes active site and the 3 dimensional structures. At this stage the enzyme will not be complementary in shape to the substrate. This would mean that no reaction can be completed so the rate of reaction will decrease. It is important to state that the enzyme is going to have an optimum temperature at which the ES complexes and products are made at the fastest velocity. The increase in temperature increase the amount of molecules which have higher energy than the Ea barrier this in turn increases the amount of molecules which can react increasing the rate of reaction or initial velocity. I believe the optimum temperature is going to range between 20-40 degrees Celsius. The third part of this lab report is based on the effect of pH on the rate of reaction again I believe that at extremes of pH such as acidity or alkalinity will affect the rate of reaction. This may cause the enzymes structure to denature and will cause a lower rate of reaction and lower rate of product formation because the enzyme will not be complementary to the substrate. I would expect this enzyme to have a low optimum pH of around 5-2 as it is acid. Finally the last section of this investigation concerns the effect of a competitive inhibitor (phosphate ions) on the rate of reaction. Inhibitor in this case the phosphate ions will compete with the actual substrate PNPP for the active site of the enzyme acid phosphatase. These inhibitors can only attach to the active site of the enzyme due to their complementary properties. The concentration of the inhibitors will be kept constant and the concentration of the substrate PNPP will be altered. I believe that as the concentration of PNPP increases the rate of reaction will increase this is because the PNPP can out- compete the competitive inhibitor and reverse the effect of the inhibitor. Materials and Methods: All procedures were carried out as described in the lab schedule. No alterations were made to any of the procedures carried out throughout the experiment. Discussion: The first section of this lab report relates the effect of substrate concentration on enzyme activity. I shall briefly discuss and explain what my data shows and means. Graph 3 which is the graph of Michaelis Menten of collected data. The relationship between the rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction and the substrate concentration can be describes as hyperbolic. The graph and tables 2 show that as the concentration of substrate (PNPP) increases from 0.00 Mmols to 0.20 Mmols of substrate the initial velocity or the rate of reaction shows an increase in too. The relationship can be describes as fist order as the [V] rises almost linearly with the increase in [S]. However after the concentration increase from 0.20- to 3.00 Mmols the initial velocity shows a gradual increase and then gradually levels of or slopes here graph shows 0 order relationship. This supports the prediction I made in the introduction. The graphs indicates that as the concentration of substrate increase the rate of reaction increase this is because of the increase chances of a collision between a substrate and an enzyme. This in turn increases the rate at which ES and P are formed. However after the concentration increase after 0.20 3.00 Mmols the rate stars to level off. The reasoning behind is this is that there are too many substrates than compared to enzymes an all enzymes are described to be fully saturated .At this phase the reaction is at its Maximum velocity and cannot increase in rate unless more enzymes are added therefore enzyme concentration is the limiting factor. I can tell that the data I collected from the experiment in the lab is accurate and valid as the graph which compares the theatrical data and the collected data show similarities in the trend line the Vmax the km and as well as the points and there is no anomalous data point on either of the 3 graphs. My findings support the findings of many previous investigations and journals as the graphs show a similar relationship as to the findings to previous work. The implications of this investigation can be used widely to determine the Vmax and KM. These values can be used for medical purposes since the enzyme acid phosphatase is manufactured by the body to remove phosphate groups. The limitation of Michaels Menten plot is that the Km and Vmax cannot be accurately determined. Therefore a Lineweaver burk plot is plotted. The Lineweaver burk plot shows that the KM and Vmax are very similar to the ones from the Michaelis Menten plot. Finally KM is an approximate measure of the affinity of an enzyme for its substrate.A small value of KM indicates a high affinity of the enzyme for the substrate. From my graphs (1 +2) I can tell that the KM was 0.24 and therefore small. This means that the enzyme acid phosphatase has a high affinity for the synaesthetic substrate PNPP. This means that small concentration of substrate PNPP is enough to run the reaction at half of maximum velocity (1/2 Vmax). The next section of the investigation concerns the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction. I predicted an increase in temperature will increase the rate of reaction or the initial velocity of the e reaction until the enzyme denatures and the protein sequence becomes damaged an unravels. The actual reason for why the protein sequences unravel is that the protein has too much kinetic energy and the amino acids vibrate and this causes the non covalent forces to be weakened. There is an increase in the rate of reaction as the temperature increases from 278 -323 K the increase is almost linear. However after the temperature 323 K-to 347 K the enzyme denatures and unravels. This is proved by the last point on the graph which doesnt fit the line of best fit. Overall the graphs and data all prove my predictions correct. There is no other anomalous data present. The third section concerns the effect of pH on the rate of reaction. As we have discovered before the enzyme used was acid phosphatase so the pH at which it works at best the optimum temperature will be in the acidic pH regions. I can confirm from my graph that the optimum pH of the reaction is in the region 5-5.5 which is indeed acidic. pH of 5.5 gives the highest absorption value, this therefore means that the rate of hydrolysis was at its fastest. A possible explanation for the change in the experimental design is that the pH may denature the enzyme if the enzyme was added first the active site and 3 dimensional shape of the enzyme could be altered at extremes of pH such as 2 which is quite acidic. The pH does not affect the substrates 3 dimensional structure in the same ways as the enzymes. Therefore to obtain valid results /data the design for this part of the experiment was slightly altered. pH has a very strong effect on enzyme activity .This is because enzymes work on the basis of mechanisms such as induced fit hypothesis and lock and key . The enzymes have a specific active site due to the complementary 3 dimensional active site with the substrate. According to the induced fit hypothesis the enzyme can undergo some change in the 3- dimensional structure in order to fit the substrate. However a change in pH changes the enzymes active site structure. An increase in H+ ions can change the active site structure due to the fact that h+ ions can interfere with any polar molecules on enzymes protein structure. Amino acids side chains can be protonated and may be damaged due to the extreme pH (concentration of H+ )this may result in the protein sequence to unravel which means that the active site is not complementary to the substrate and the rate of reaction decreases as no or little ES are formed which results in little products formed. The final section concerns the effect of a competitive inhibitor (phosphate ions) on the rate of reaction. From my graph I can tell that the inhibitor present was an non-competitive inhibitor. I can tell this by looking at the Lineweaver Burk plot where the trend lines cross the 1/Vmax intercept at different values but cross the 1/km intercept at the same values. This means that this type of inhibitor does not affect the KM but does lower the Vmax values. Non competitive inhibitor has the same effect as lowering the total volume of enzyme. This type of inhibition is reversible. It binds to a site away from the enzymes active site it denatures the active site so no other substrates can bind to the active site. This in turn lowers the rate of reaction and the rate at which products are formed. However this type of inhibitor also binds to the enzyme substrate complex I can therefore conclude that the non competitive inhibitor does lower the rate at which the products are formed. References: Books: David L. Nelson et al (2008) Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry ,W.H Freeman and Company Jeremy M. Berg et al (2006) Biochemistry, W.H Freeman and Company Lab schedule (2009) Enzyme Kinetics MODULE LSC10034 EXPERIMENT 4 Lecture Notes: Lectures notes (2009) Dr John Mills- Module LSC-10034 Proteins and Enzymes lectures 9, 10, 11 (Figures 1-5) Absorbance values- Table 4 and Table 6 Emma Ezekiel Web Pages: EC Number -http://www.brenda-enzymes.org/php/result_flat.php4?ecno=3.1.3.2 Seen :20 November 2009

Comparing Mans Downfall in Second Coming and The world is too much wit

Man's Downfall in Second Coming and The world is too much with us  Ã‚     Ã‚   Although W.B. Yeats wrote roughly a century after the Era of Romanticism, his Romantic precursors influenced his writing greatly. One of his most famous poems, "The Second Coming," echoes both Blake's The Book of Urizen and Shelley's most ambitious poem Prometheus Unbound (Bloom 530). Despite less criticism on the relationship between Yeats's poems and the writing of another one of his Romantic predecessors, William Wordsworth, Wordsworth's reproach of greed and materialism in a waxing industrial society influences Yeats' poetic interpretation of the apocalypse. Both Wordsworth and Yeats depict man's downfall; "The world is too much with us" foreshadows and describes the reasons for the predicted apocalypse of The Second Coming. A cultural concentration on redundant commercialism, loss of focus on nature, and lack of conviction fuel both poems, yet only Yeats envisions the graphic result in an eventual takeover of man. In the first four lines of "The world is too much with us," the speaker laments man's shift of focus from nature to materialism: The world is too much with us; late and soon, Getting and spending, we lay waste our powers: Little we see in Nature that is ours; We have given our hearts away, a sordid boon (Wordsworth 1394)! Wordsworth, normally writing in a much softer tone indicative of the Romantic style which he helped to define, begins the sonnet with a strong, scolding voice associated so specifically with Milton (Levinson 644). He emphatically condemns the "vulgar materialism" of the age exhibiting the human race's frivolousness and frets that instead of looking to Nature (their own and the surrounding), human... ... Cantor, Jay. "History in the Revolutionary Movement: Men Made Out of Words." The Space Between: Literature and Politics. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981. Rpt. in Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism. Ed. Dennis Poupard. Vol. 11. Detroit: Gale, 1983. 540-541. Levinson, Marjorie. "Back to the Future: Wordsworth's New Historicism." South Atlantic Quarterly 88 (1989): 633-659. Profitt, Edward. "Yeats's 'The Second Coming.'" Explicator 49 (1991): 104-105. Wordsworth, William. "The world is too much with us." The Norton Anthology of English Literature. 6th ed., the major authors. Ed. M. H. Abrams. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, Inc., 1996. 1394. Yeats, William Butler. "The Second Coming." The Norton Anthology of English Literature. 6th ed., the major authors. Ed. M. H. Abrams. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, Inc., 1996. 2280